Headache

1. Occipital Headaches

Cervicogenic Headaches

References:
1. Stovner L., et al. , The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia, 2007. 27(3): p. 193–210
2. Bogduk N. The anatomical basis for cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:67-70
3. van Suijlekom HA, Lame I, Stomp-van den Berg SG, Kessels AG, Weber WE. Quality of life of patients with cervicogenic headache: a comparison with control subjects and patients with migraine or tension-type headache.Headache . 2003;43:1034-1041.
4. Treleaven J., Jull G., Atkinson L., Cervical musculoskeletal dysfunction in post-concussional headache. Cephalalgia, 1994. 14(4): p. 273–9; discussion 257.
5. Antonaci F., Sjaastad O., Cervicogenic headache: a real headache. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 2011. 11(2): p. 149–55.
6. The Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group Diagnostic Criteria. (Modified from Biondi DM: Cervicogenic headache: mechanisms, evaluation, and treatment strategies. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2000;100(9 Suppl):S7-14. Source: Sjaastad 0, Fredriksen TA, Pfaffenrath V. Cervicogenic headache: diagnostic criteria. Headache. 1998;38:442-445.)
7. Hall T, Robinson K. The flexion-rotation test and active cervical mobility—a comparative measurement study in cervicogenic headache. Man Ther. 2004;9:197-202.
8. Page P., Frank C.C., Lardner R., Assessment and treatment of muscle imbalance: The Janda Approach 2010, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
9. Falla D.L., Jull G.A., Hodges P.W., Patients with neck pain demonstrate reduced electromyographic activity of the deep cervical flexor muscles during performance of the craniocervical flexion test. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2004. 29(19): p. 2108–14
10. Rifat S.F., Moeller J.L., Diagnosis and management of headache in the weight-lifting athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep, 2003. 2(5): p. 272–5.
11. Hall T.M., et al. , Comparative analysis and diagnostic accuracy of the cervical flexion-rotation test. J Headache Pain, 2010. 11(5): p. 391–7
12. Coskun O, Ucler S, Karakurum B, Atasoy HT, Yildirum T, Ozkan S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of patients with cervicogenic headache. Cephalalgia. 2003;23:842-845.
13. Hall T., et al. , Reliability of manual examination and frequency of symptomatic cervical motion segment dysfunction in cervicogenic headache. Man Ther, 2010. 15(6): p. 542–6
14. Hong J.P., et al. , Clinical assessment of patients with cervicogenic headache: a preliminary study. Chang Gung Med J, 2010. 33(1): p. 58–66.
15. Jaeger B., Are “cervicogenic” headaches due to myofascial pain and cervical spine dysfunction? Cephalalgia, 1989. 9(3): p. 157–64.
17. Bansevicius D., Sjaastad O., Cervicogenic headache: the influence of mental load on pain level and EMG of shoulder-neck and facial muscles. Headache, 1996. 36(6): p. 372–8
18. Fredriksen TA, Fougner R, Tangerud A, Sjaastad O. Cervicogenic headache: radiological investigations concerning headneck. Cephalalgia. 1989;9:139-146.
19. Biondi, DM. Cervicogenic Headache: A Review of Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies. J Am Osteopath Assoc April 1, 2005 vol. 105 no. 4 suppl 16S-22S ?
20. Haas M., et al. , Dose response for chiropractic care of chronic cervicogenic headache and associated neck pain: a randomized pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 2004. 27(9): p. 547–53.
21. Koes, BW, Bouter LM, et al. “Randomised Clinical Trial of Manipulative Therapy and Physiotherapy for Persistent Back and Neck Complaints: Results of One Year Follow Up.” British Medical Journal, Volume 304, Number 6827, March 7, 1992, Pages 601-605.
22. Boline PD, Kassak K, et al. “Spinal Manipulation vs. Amitriptyline for the Treatment of Chronic Tension-type Headaches: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Volume 18, Number 3, March/April 1995, Pages 148-154.
23. Nilsson N., A randomized controlled trial of the effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 1995. 18(7): p. 435–40,
24. Schoensee S.K., et al. , The effect of mobilization on cervical headaches. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 1995. 21(4): p. 184–96,
25. Nilsson N., Christensen H.W., Hartvigsen J., The effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 1997. 20(5): p. 326–30.
26. Gross A., et al. , Manipulation or mobilisation for neck pain: a Cochrane Review. Man Ther, 2010. 15(4): p. 315–33.
27. Biondi D. Physical treatments for headache: a structured review. Headache. 2005;45:1-9
28. Jull G, Trott P, Potter H, Zito G, Niere K, Shirley D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache. Spine. 2002;27:1835-1843.
29. Andersen L.L., et al. , Effect of brief daily exercise on headache among adults – secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Work Environ Health, 2011.
30. Ylinen J., Physical exercises and functional rehabilitation for the management of chronic neck pain. Eura Medicophys, 2007. 43(1): p. 119–32.
31. Randlov A., et al. , Intensive dynamic training for females with chronic neck/shoulder pain. A randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil, 1998. 12(3): p. 200–10
33. van Ettekoven H., Lucas C., Efficacy of physiotherapy including a craniocervical training programme for tension-type headache; a randomized clinical trial. Cephalalgia, 2006. 26(8): p. 983–91
34. Bogduk N., Govind J., Cervicogenic headache: an assessment of the evidence on clinical diagnosis, invasive tests, and treatment. Lancet Neurol, 2009. 8(10): p. 959–68.
35. McCrory, Penzlen, Hasselblad, Gray. Duke Evidence Report (2001)
36. Racicki, S, Gerwin, S, DiClaudio, S, Reinmann, S, Donaldson, M. Conservative physical therapy management for the treatment of cervicogenic headache: a systematic review. JMPT Vol 21, Number 2, 2013 pp.113-124.
37. Domenech MA, Sizer PS, Dedrick GS, McGalliard MK, Brismee JM. “The Deep Neck Flexor Endurance Test: normative data scores in healthy adults.” PM R. 2011 Feb. Web. 08/18/2012.
38. Harris KD, Heer DM, Roy TC, Santos DM, Whitman JM, Wainner RS. “Reliability of a measurement of neck flexor muscle endurance.” Physical Therapy 2005 Dec. Web. 08/18/2012.
39. Ashkenazi A. et al. Peripheral Nerve Blocks and Trigger Point Injections in Headache Management – A Systematic Review and Suggestions for Future Research. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. Volume 50, Issue 6, pages 943–952, June 2010
40. Blumenfeld A. et al. Expert Consensus Recommendations for the Performance of Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Headaches – A Narrative Review. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Volume 53, Issue 3, pages 437–446, March 2013
41. Liebenson C. Janda’s DNF Test & Neck “Packing”. www.craigliebenson.com/jandas-dnf-test/. Published 11/11/2011. Accessed 6/24/14
42. Espí-López Gemma V., Gómez-Conesa Antonia.
Efficacy of Manual and Manipulative Therapy in the Perception of Pain and Cervical Motion in Patients With Tension-Type Headache: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine Volume 13, Issue 1, p1-80 March 2014

2. Frontal Headaches

Migraine Headaches

References:
1. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia. 2004;24 Suppl 1:9-160
2. International Headache Society. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing; 2005. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition. 1st Revision.
3. Wolff, HG. Headache and other head pain. New York: Oxford University Press: 1948.
4. May A, Goadsby PJ. The trigeminovascular system in humans: pathophysiologic implications for primary headache syndromes of the neural influences on the cerebral circulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Feb 1999;19(2):115-27.
5. Dodick DW, Gargus JJ (August 2008). “Why migraines strike”. Sci. Am. 299 (2): 56–63
6. Waeber C, Moskowitz MA. Therapeutic implications of central and peripheral neurologic mechanisms in migraine. Neurology. Oct 28 2003;61(8 Suppl 4):S9-20.
7. Moskowitz MA. The visceral organ brain: implications for the pathophysiology of vascular head pain. Neurology. 1991;41(2(Pt 1)):182–186.
8. Chawla J. Migraine Headache. Medscape. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1142556-overview Accessed 2/1/14
9. Welch KM. Contemporary concepts of migraine pathogenesis. Neurology. Oct 28 2003;61(8 Suppl 4):S2-8.
10. Sun-Edelstein C, Mauskop A. Role of magnesium in the pathogenesis and treatment of migraine. Expert Rev Neurother. Mar 2009;9(3):369-79
11. Stovner L, Hagen K, Jensen R, et al. The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia. 2007;27(3):193–210
12. Lipton RB, Scher AI, Kolodner K, Liberman J, Steiner TJ, Stewart WF. Migraine in the United States: epidemiology and patterns of health care use. Neurology. Mar 26 2002;58(6):885-94.
13. Stewart WF, Linet MS, Celentano DD, Van Natta M, Ziegler D. Age- and sex-specific incidence rates of migraine with and without visual aura. Am J Epidemiol. Nov 15 1991;134(10):1111-20
14. Burton WN, Landy SH, Downs KE, Runken MC. The impact of migraine and the effect of migraine treatment on workplace productivity in the United States and suggestions for future research. Mayo Clin Proc. May 2009;84(5):436-45.
15. Hsu LC, Wang SJ, Fuh JL. Prevalence and impact of migrainous vertigo in mid-life women: a community-based study. Cephalalgia. Jan 2011;31(1):77-83
16. Kors EE, Haan J, Ferrari MD. Genetics of primary headaches. Curr Opin Neurol. Jun 1999;12(3):249-54.
17. Cleveland Clinic. Diseases and Conditions- Migraine Headaches. http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disorders/migraine_headache/hic_migraine_headaches.aspx accessed 2/8/14.
18. Hamed SA. The vascular risk associations with migraine: relation to migraine susceptibility and progression. Atherosclerosis. Jul 2009;205(1):15-22
19. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Excessive acute migraine medication use and migraine progression. Neurology. Nov 25 2008;71(22):1821-8
2?? MacGregor EA. Menstrual migraine. Curr Opin Neurol. Jun 2008;21(3):309-15.
2??? Allais G, Gabellari IC, De Lorenzo C, Mana O, Benedetto C. Oral contraceptives in migraine. Expert Rev Neurother. Mar 2009;9(3):381-93. http://reference.medscape.com/medline/abstract/19271947
22. Wöber C, Brannath W, Schmidt K, Kapitan M, Rudel E, Wessely P, et al. Prospective analysis of factors related to migraine attacks: the PAMINA study. Cephalalgia. Apr 2007;27(4):304-14.
23. University of California-Berkeley, University Health Services. Migraine Triggers. http://uhs.berkeley.edu/home/healthtopics/pdf/triggers.pdf. Accessed 2/8/14
26. Migraine.com. Migraine with Aura. http://migraine.com/migraine-types/migraine-with-aura/. Accessed 2/8/14.
28. Silberstein SD, Freitag FG. Preventative treatment of migraine. Neurology. 2003;60(7):S38-44.
30. Pryse-Phillips WEM, Dodick DW, Edmeads JG, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of migraine in clinical practice. Can Med Assoc J. 1997;156(9):1273-1287.
31. Russell MB, Rasmussen BK, Fenger K, Olesen J. Migraine without aura and migraine with aura are distinct clinical entities: a study of four hundred and eighty-four male and female migraineursfrom the general population.Cephalalgia. 1996;16(4):239-245
32. Barbanti P, Fabbrini G, Pesare M, Cerbo R. Neurovascular symptoms during migraine attacks. Cephalalgia . 2001;21(4):295.
34. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Cephalalgia. 1988;8 Suppl 7:1-96.
36. Lipton RB. A self-administered screener for migraine in primary care: The ID MigraineTM validation study. Neurology. 2003;61:375–382.
37. Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Dalessio DJ. Overview, diagnosis, and classification. In: Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Dalessio DJ, eds. Wolff’s Headache And Other Head Pain. 7th ed. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press; 2001:20
38. Dodick DW. Adv Stud Med. 2003; 3 (6C): S550-S555
39. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Cephalalgia. 1988;8 Suppl 7:1-96.
41. Woodward M. Migraine and the risk of coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke in women. Womens Health (Lond Engl). Jan 2009;5(1):69-77.
42. Scher AI, Gudmundsson LS, Sigurdsson S, Ghambaryan A, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, et al. Migraine headache in middle age and late-life brain infarcts. JAMA. Jun 24 2009;301(24):2563-70
43. American Headache Society (September 2013), “Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question”, Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation (American Headache Society), retrieved 10 December 2013
44. Leclerc X, Gauvrit JY, Nicol L, Pruvo JP. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the craniocervicalvessels: a review.Neuroradiology. 1999;41(12):867-874
45. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice Parameter: The electroencephalogram in the evaluation of headache (summary statement). Neurology. 1995;45:1411-1413
46. Gilmore, B; Michael, M (2011-02-01). “Treatment of acute migraine headache”. American family physician 83 (3): 271–80.
47. Kelman L. Women’s issues of migraine in tertiary care. Headache. Jan 2004;44(1):2-7.
48. Matchar DB, Young WB, Rosenberg JA, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache in the primary care setting: Pharmacological management of acute attacks. American Academy of Neurology. Accessed February 10, 2011.
49. Astin JA, Ernst E: The effectiveness of spinal manipulation for the treatment of headache disorders: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Cephalalgia 2002, 22 :617-623.
50. Dikran Parsekyan. Migraine prophylaxis in adult patients West J Med. 2000 November; 173(5): 341–345.
51. Tfelt-Hansen P. Prophylactic pharmacotherapy of migraine: some practical guidelines. Neurol Clin 1997;15: 153-165.
52. Bronfort G, Nilsson N, Haas M, Evans R, Goldsmith CH, Assendelft WJ, et al : Non-invasive physical treatments for chronic/recurrent headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, CD001878.
53. Parker GB, Pryor DS, Tupling H: Why does migraine improve during a clinical trial? Further results from a trial of cervical manipulation for migraine. Aust N Z J Med 1980, 10 :192-198.
54. Tuchin PJ, Pollard H, Bonello R: A randomized controlled trial of chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy for migraine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2000, 23 :91-95.
55. Nelson CF, Bronfort G, Evans R, Boline P, Goldsmith C, Anderson AV: The efficacy of spinal manipulation, amitriptyline and the combination of both therapies for the prophylaxis of migraine headaches. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1998, 21 :511-519.
56. Harris SP. Chiropractic management of a patient with migraine headache. J Chiropr Med. 2005;4(1):25–31
57. Biondi DM. Physical treatments for headache: a structured review. Headache. 2005;45(6):738–746.
58. Bronfort G, Assendelft WJ, Evans R, et al. Efficacy of spinal manipulation for chronic headache: a systematic review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2001;24(7):457–466.
59. Younes Jahangiri Noudeh, Nasibeh Vatankhah, and Hamid R. Baradaran, Reduction of Current Migraine Headache Pain Following Neck Massage and Spinal Manipulation Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2012; 5(1): 5–13.
60. Stodolny J, Chmielewski H. Manual therapy in the treatment of patients with cervical migraine. Manual Med 1989; 4:49-51
61. Boline P et al. Spinal Manipulation vs. Amitriptyline for the Treatment of Chronic Tension-type Headaches: A Randomized Clinical Trial J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1995 (Mar); 18 (3): 148–154
62. Bryans R, Descarreaux M, Duranleau M, Marcoux H, Potter B, Ruegg R, Shaw L, Watkin R, White E. Evidence-based guidelines for the chiropractic treatment of adults with headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2011 Jun;34(5):274-89.
63. Vicenzino B, Collins D, Benson H, et al. An investigation of the interrelationship between manipulative therapy-induced hypoalgesia and sympathoexcitation. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1998;21(7):448–453.
ddd64. Maigne JY, Vautravers P. Mechanism of action of spinal manipulative therapy. Joint Bone Spine. 2003;70(5):336–341.
65. Gay RE, Nelson CF. Clinical efficacy of chiropractic treatment. In: Wainapel SF, Fast A, editors. Alternative Medicine and Rehabilitation: A Guide for Practitioners. New York: Demos Medical Publishing; 2003. pp. 67–71.
66. Lawler SP, Cameron LD. A randomized, controlled trial of massage therapy as a treatment for migraine. Ann Behav Med. 2006;32(1):50–59
67. Lipton SA. Prevention of classic migraine headache by digital massage of the superficial temporal arteries during visual aura. Ann Neurol. 1986;19(5):515–516.
68. Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, Manheimer E, Vickers A, White AR: Acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, CD001218.
69. Nestoriuc Y, Martin A, Rief W, Andrasik F: Biofeedback treatment for headache disorders: a comprehensive efficacy review. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2008, 33 :125-140.
70. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA allows marketing of first device to relieve migraine headache pain [press release]. December 13, 2013. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm378608.htm.
71. Jeffrey S. FDA approves first device to treat migraine pain. Medscape Medical News
72. Scotish Intercollegiate Guideline Network: Diagnosis and management of headache in adults. 2008, 107. :50-59.
73. Noble SL, Moore KL. Drug treatment of migraine: part II. Preventive therapy. Am Fam Physician 1997;56: 2279-2286.
75. Ramadan NM, Silberstein SD, Freitag FG, Gilbert TT, Frishberg BM, for the US Headache Consortium. Evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache in the primary care setting: pharmacological management for prevention of migraine. Am Acad Neurol Web site
76. Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 1998;50: 466-470.
77. Peikert A, Wilimzig C, Kohne-Volland R. Prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium: results from a prospective, multi-center, placebo-controlled and double-blind randomized study. Cephalalgia 1996;16: 257-263.
78. Pfaffenrath V, Wessely P, Meyer C, et al. Magnesium in the prophylaxis of migraine—a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 1996;16: 436-440.
79. Evans RM. Managing migraine today (II): Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment. JAMA Migraine Information Center Web site.
80. Cutrer FM, Charles A. The neurogenic basis of migraine. Headache. Oct 2008;48(9):1411-4.
81. Bille B. Migraine in childhood and its prognosis. Cephalalgia. Jun 1981;1(2):71-5.
82. Sahai-Srivastava S, Desai P, Zheng L. Analysis of headache management in a busy emergency room in the United States. Headache. 2008 Jun;48(6):931-8.

3. Temporal Headaches

Cervicogenic Headaches

References:
1. Stovner L., et al. , The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide. Cephalalgia, 2007. 27(3): p. 193–210
2. Bogduk N. The anatomical basis for cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 1992;15:67-70
3. van Suijlekom HA, Lame I, Stomp-van den Berg SG, Kessels AG, Weber WE. Quality of life of patients with cervicogenic headache: a comparison with control subjects and patients with migraine or tension-type headache.Headache . 2003;43:1034-1041.
4. Treleaven J., Jull G., Atkinson L., Cervical musculoskeletal dysfunction in post-concussional headache. Cephalalgia, 1994. 14(4): p. 273–9; discussion 257.
5. Antonaci F., Sjaastad O., Cervicogenic headache: a real headache. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep, 2011. 11(2): p. 149–55.
6. The Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group Diagnostic Criteria. (Modified from Biondi DM: Cervicogenic headache: mechanisms, evaluation, and treatment strategies. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2000;100(9 Suppl):S7-14. Source: Sjaastad 0, Fredriksen TA, Pfaffenrath V. Cervicogenic headache: diagnostic criteria. Headache. 1998;38:442-445.)
7. Hall T, Robinson K. The flexion-rotation test and active cervical mobility—a comparative measurement study in cervicogenic headache. Man Ther. 2004;9:197-202.
8. Page P., Frank C.C., Lardner R., Assessment and treatment of muscle imbalance: The Janda Approach 2010, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
9. Falla D.L., Jull G.A., Hodges P.W., Patients with neck pain demonstrate reduced electromyographic activity of the deep cervical flexor muscles during performance of the craniocervical flexion test. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2004. 29(19): p. 2108–14
10. Rifat S.F., Moeller J.L., Diagnosis and management of headache in the weight-lifting athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep, 2003. 2(5): p. 272–5.
11. Hall T.M., et al. , Comparative analysis and diagnostic accuracy of the cervical flexion-rotation test. J Headache Pain, 2010. 11(5): p. 391–7
12. Coskun O, Ucler S, Karakurum B, Atasoy HT, Yildirum T, Ozkan S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of patients with cervicogenic headache. Cephalalgia. 2003;23:842-845.
13. Hall T., et al. , Reliability of manual examination and frequency of symptomatic cervical motion segment dysfunction in cervicogenic headache. Man Ther, 2010. 15(6): p. 542–6
14. Hong J.P., et al. , Clinical assessment of patients with cervicogenic headache: a preliminary study. Chang Gung Med J, 2010. 33(1): p. 58–66.
15. Jaeger B., Are “cervicogenic” headaches due to myofascial pain and cervical spine dysfunction? Cephalalgia, 1989. 9(3): p. 157–64.
17. Bansevicius D., Sjaastad O., Cervicogenic headache: the influence of mental load on pain level and EMG of shoulder-neck and facial muscles. Headache, 1996. 36(6): p. 372–8
18. Fredriksen TA, Fougner R, Tangerud A, Sjaastad O. Cervicogenic headache: radiological investigations concerning headneck. Cephalalgia. 1989;9:139-146.
19. Biondi, DM. Cervicogenic Headache: A Review of Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies. J Am Osteopath Assoc April 1, 2005 vol. 105 no. 4 suppl 16S-22S ?
20. Haas M., et al. , Dose response for chiropractic care of chronic cervicogenic headache and associated neck pain: a randomized pilot study. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 2004. 27(9): p. 547–53.
21. Koes, BW, Bouter LM, et al. “Randomised Clinical Trial of Manipulative Therapy and Physiotherapy for Persistent Back and Neck Complaints: Results of One Year Follow Up.” British Medical Journal, Volume 304, Number 6827, March 7, 1992, Pages 601-605.
22. Boline PD, Kassak K, et al. “Spinal Manipulation vs. Amitriptyline for the Treatment of Chronic Tension-type Headaches: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, Volume 18, Number 3, March/April 1995, Pages 148-154.
23. Nilsson N., A randomized controlled trial of the effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 1995. 18(7): p. 435–40,
24. Schoensee S.K., et al. , The effect of mobilization on cervical headaches. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 1995. 21(4): p. 184–96,
25. Nilsson N., Christensen H.W., Hartvigsen J., The effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 1997. 20(5): p. 326–30.
26. Gross A., et al. , Manipulation or mobilisation for neck pain: a Cochrane Review. Man Ther, 2010. 15(4): p. 315–33.
27. Biondi D. Physical treatments for headache: a structured review. Headache. 2005;45:1-9
28. Jull G, Trott P, Potter H, Zito G, Niere K, Shirley D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache. Spine. 2002;27:1835-1843.
29. Andersen L.L., et al. , Effect of brief daily exercise on headache among adults – secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Work Environ Health, 2011.
30. Ylinen J., Physical exercises and functional rehabilitation for the management of chronic neck pain. Eura Medicophys, 2007. 43(1): p. 119–32.
31. Randlov A., et al. , Intensive dynamic training for females with chronic neck/shoulder pain. A randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil, 1998. 12(3): p. 200–10
33. van Ettekoven H., Lucas C., Efficacy of physiotherapy including a craniocervical training programme for tension-type headache; a randomized clinical trial. Cephalalgia, 2006. 26(8): p. 983–91
34. Bogduk N., Govind J., Cervicogenic headache: an assessment of the evidence on clinical diagnosis, invasive tests, and treatment. Lancet Neurol, 2009. 8(10): p. 959–68.
35. McCrory, Penzlen, Hasselblad, Gray. Duke Evidence Report (2001)
36. Racicki, S, Gerwin, S, DiClaudio, S, Reinmann, S, Donaldson, M. Conservative physical therapy management for the treatment of cervicogenic headache: a systematic review. JMPT Vol 21, Number 2, 2013 pp.113-124.
37. Domenech MA, Sizer PS, Dedrick GS, McGalliard MK, Brismee JM. “The Deep Neck Flexor Endurance Test: normative data scores in healthy adults.” PM R. 2011 Feb. Web. 08/18/2012.
38. Harris KD, Heer DM, Roy TC, Santos DM, Whitman JM, Wainner RS. “Reliability of a measurement of neck flexor muscle endurance.” Physical Therapy 2005 Dec. Web. 08/18/2012.
39. Ashkenazi A. et al. Peripheral Nerve Blocks and Trigger Point Injections in Headache Management – A Systematic Review and Suggestions for Future Research. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. Volume 50, Issue 6, pages 943–952, June 2010
40. Blumenfeld A. et al. Expert Consensus Recommendations for the Performance of Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Headaches – A Narrative Review. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain Volume 53, Issue 3, pages 437–446, March 2013
41. Liebenson C. Janda’s DNF Test & Neck “Packing”. www.craigliebenson.com/jandas-dnf-test/. Published 11/11/2011. Accessed 6/24/14
42. Espí-López Gemma V., Gómez-Conesa Antonia.
Efficacy of Manual and Manipulative Therapy in the Perception of Pain and Cervical Motion in Patients With Tension-Type Headache: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine Volume 13, Issue 1, p1-80 March 2014

4. Facial Pain

Temporomandibular Disorder

References:
1. Fricton JR: Temporomandibular muscle and joint disorders. Pain 2004; 109:530.
2. Cantanzariti J, Debuse T, Duquesnoy B: Chronic neck pain and masticatory dysfunction. Joint Bone Spine 2005; 72:515-519.
3. Palazzi C, Miralles R, Soto MA, Santander H, Zuaiga C, Moya H: Body position effects on EMG activity of the sternocleidomastoid and masseter muscles in patients with myogenic-craniocervical-mandibular dysfunction. J Craniomandib Practice 1996: 14(3):200-9
4. Gonzalez H, Mann A. Forward Head Posture: Its Structural and Functional Influence on the Stomatognathic System: A Conceptual Study. Cranio. 1996 Jan;14(1):71-80.
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6. Sale h, Isberg A. Delayed temporomandibular joint pain and dysfubnction induced by whiplash trauma: a controlled prospective study. J American Dental Assoc. Aug 2007;138(8) 1084-91
7. Egermark, I. and Thilander, B. (1992) Craniomandibular disorders with special reference to orthodontic treatment: an evaluation from childhood to adulthood, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 101, 28–34.
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